Part One OPERA 
Chapter 1 The Origins of Opera 
Early opera composers 
Star spot: Claudio Monteverdi 
L'Orfeo 
Chords and chord relationships 
Setting words to music 
Chords and monody 
Word painting 
Supporting the drama-Monteverdi's orchestra 
The spread of opera 
Operatic voice types 
Ground bass 
Singing-breathing 

Chapter 2 Late Baroque Opera 
Late Baroque opera composers 
Star spot: George Frederic Handel 
Julius Caesar 
Caesar's aria-`Empio, diro, tu sei' 
Triads and their inversions 
Cadences perfect and plagal 
ii-V-1 
The Neapolitan 6th 
Baroque compositional devices 
Cleopatra's aria-`Se pieta' 
The overture 
Opera buffa 
Singing-posture 
Other types of choral works 

Chapter 3 Gluck and Opera Reform 
Classical era opera composers 
Star spot: Christoph Willibald Gluck 
Gluck's reforms 
Orpheus and Euridice 
Orpheus's aria-`Che faro senza Euridice' 
Phrasing in Classical melody 
Writing a libretto 
The Classical opera orchestra 
War of the Buffoons 
Secondary triads 
Amore's aria-`Gli squardi trattieni' 
Harmonically derived melodies 
Vocal warm-ups 

Chapter 4 The Opera of Mozart 
Star spot: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 
Mozart's music 
Don Giovanni 
Overture to Don Giovanni 
Leporello's aria-`Madamina' (`The Catalogue Aria') 
The V7 chord 
Duet melodies 
Ensemble writing 
Finale to Act 2, Marriage of Figaro 
Diction and articulation 

Chapter 5 Italian Opera in the Nineteenth Century 
Italian opera composers 
Star spot: Giuseppe Verdi 
Rigoletto 
The Duke's aria-`La donna e mobile' 
Accompaniment styles 
Cadences-imperfect and interrupted 
The diminished chord 
Ensemble-`Povero Rigoletto' and `Cortigiani vil razza dannata' 
The operatic score 
Listening comparison 
Extending the range 
Famous opera houses 

Chapter 6 Nineteenth Century Opera in Northern Europe 
Northern European opera composers 
Star spot: Richard Wagner 
Tristan and Isolde 
The leitmotif 
Act 2-`Liebesnacht' 
Siegfried's funeral music 
The circle of fifths 
The Tristan chord 
Carmen 
Internalising pitch 

Chapter 7 Opera in the Twentieth Century 
Twentieth century opera composers 
Star spot: Benjamin Britten 
Peter Grimes 
Passacaglia and Act 2, scene 2, Peter Grimes 
Impressionism in opera 
Pelleas and Melisande 
Atonality in opera 
Wozzeck 
Act 3, scene 4-`Wozzeck's suicide' 
Jazz influences in opera 
The music of Porgy and Bess 
Voices-the Fach system 

Chapter 8 Opera in Australia 
Australian opera composers 
Star spot: Richard Mills 
Batavia 
Act 3-`Lucretia's plea' 
In his voice-a composer speaks 
Writing an opera scene 
Basic opera production terms 
Staging an opera scene 
Famous Australian singers 

Chapter 9 Chinese Opera 
Characteristics of Beijing opera 
Unicorn Trapping Purse (Suo Lin Nang) 
Characteristics of Chinese opera music 
Beijing arias and dialogue 
Musical construction 
Chinese opera instruments 
Unusual performance conventions 
Issues facing Beijing opera 
Divide card: Composition and Performance 

Part Two MUSIC THEATRE 
Chapter 10 Origins of the Modern Musical 
Early music theatre genres 
Important contributors 
Writing new lyrics to an existing song 
The Black Crook 
The Mikado 
The patter song 
`As Some Day It May Happen' 
`A Wand'ring Minstrel I' 
6/8 time 
Three-part vocal harmony-`Three Little Maids from School' 

Chapter 11 Tin Pan Valley and the Birth of the Modern Musical 
Songwriters on Tin Pan Alley 
Famous performers 
Star spot: George M. Cohan 
Little Johnny Jones 
Syncopation in Tin Pan Alley songs 
Performing a Tin Pan Alley song 
32-bar song form 
The piano-Tin Pan Alley accompaniment styles 
Showboat 
`Ol' Man River' 
Spirituals and work songs-the pentatonic scale 
`Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man' 
The major 7th chord 
Types of songs in a musical 

Chapter 12 The Golden Age of Broadwar (part 1) 
The collaborative music theatre team 
Star spot: Rodgers and Hammerstein 
Oklahoma! 
`Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'' 
Lyric writing 
Setting lyrics to music 
Chromaticism-`People Will Say We?re in Love' 
The minor 7th chord